دسته: درک مطلب

A Plastic Ocean: a film review

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

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A Plastic Ocean: a film review

A Plastic Ocean is a film to make you think. Think, and then act. We need to take action on our dependence on plastic. We’ve been producing plastic in huge quantities since the 1940s. Drink bottles, shopping bags, toiletries and even clothes are made with plastic. 1) ………………… . What happens to all the rest? This is the question the film A Plastic Ocean answers. It is a documentary that looks at the impact that plastic waste has on the environment. box alert: the impact is devastating.

The film begins as a journey to film the largest animal on the planet, the blue whale. But during the journey the filmmakers (journalist Craig Leeson and environmental activist Tanya Streeter) make the shocking discovery of a huge, thick layer of plastic floating in the middle of the Indian Ocean. 2) ………………… . In total, they visited 20 locations around the world during the four years it took them to make the film. The documentary premiered in 2016, and is now on streaming services such as Netflix.

It’s very clear that a lot of research went into the film. There are beautiful shots of the seas and marine life. 3) ………………… . We see how marine species are being killed by all the plastic we are dumping in the ocean. The message about our use of plastic is painfully obvious. 4) ………………… . In the second half, the filmmakers look at what we can do to reverse the tide of plastic flowing around the world. They present short-term and long-term solutions. These include avoiding plastic containers and ‘single-use’ plastic products as much as possible. Reuse your plastic bags and recycle as much as you can. The filmmakers also stress the need for governments to work more on recycling programmes, and look at how technology is developing that can convert plastic into fuel.

We make a staggering amount of plastic. In terms of plastic bags alone, we use five hundred billion worldwide annually. Over 300 million tons of plastic are produced every year, and at least 8 million of those are dumped into the oceans. 5) ………………… . Once you’ve seen A Plastic Ocean, you’ll realise the time is now and we all have a role to play.

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به زودی…….

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حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

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What documentary films would you recommend?

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A short story extract

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

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A short story extract

Sam squinted against the sun at the distant dust trail raked up by the car on its way up to the Big House. The horses kicked and flicked their tails at flies, not caring about their owner’s first visit in ten months. Sam waited. Mr Carter didn’t come out here unless he had to, which was just fine by Sam. The more he kept out of his boss’s way, the longer he’d have a job.

Carter came by later while Sam was chopping wood. Carter lifted his hat as if he were waiting for an appointment with the town priest, and then removed it completely as if he were talking to his mother. He pulled out a pile of paper from his back pocket and held it out.

‘Don’t pick up your mail often, do you?’

Sam took it without a glance and dropped the envelopes onto the bench.

‘Never,’ he replied and waited for Carter to say why he was here. The fact it was Carter’s house was no explanation and they both knew it. Carter twisted his hat round and round, licking his lips and clearing his throat.

‘Nice work fixing those fences,’ he said finally.

‘I’ll be back to the beginning soon,’ Sam said. It wasn’t a complaint. A fence that took a year to repair meant another year’s work to the man who did it well.

‘Don’t you ever want to take a holiday?’

‘And go where?’ A holiday meant being back out in the real world, a place even people like Carter travelled to escape from. Sam’s escape was his reality and he wasn’t going back.

Mr Carter wiped the sweat from the back of his neck. The damp patches on his shirt drew together like shapes in an atlas. His skin was already turning ruddy in the June sun. Otherwise he had the indoor tan of a man that made money while other people did the work.

‘I’ve brought my son with me on this trip. He’s had some trouble at school.’ Mr Carter’s eyes flicked up, blinked rapidly and then shifted back to the hat occupying his hands. ‘Not much trouble out here for a young boy.’ He attempted a laugh but it came out like a dog’s bark.

The two men looked towards the northern end of the property. It stretched as far as the eye could see. Even the fences were barely visible from where they stood. However bored and rebellious a teenage boy might get, it wasn’t possible to escape on foot. Sam looked at the biggest of the horses, kicking at the ground with its heavy hooves. Could the boy ride? he wondered. There was a whole load of trouble a good rider could get into out here, miles away from anyone. But maybe there was even more trouble for someone who knew nothing about horses and wanted to get away from his father.

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به زودی…….

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حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

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Why do you think Mr Carter has brought his son to the farm?

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Asteroids

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

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Asteroids

A

In 2010, the planetary defence team at NASA had identified and logged 90 per cent of the asteroids near Earth measuring 1km wide. These ‘near-Earth objects’, or NEOs, are the size of mountains and include anything within 50 million kilometres of Earth’s orbit. With an estimated 50 left to log, NASA says none of the 887 it knows about are a significant danger to the planet.

B

Now NASA is working towards logging some of the smaller asteroids, those measuring 140 metres wide or more. Of the 25,000 estimated asteroids of this size, so far about 8,000 have been logged, leaving 17,000 unaccounted for. Considering that a 19-metre asteroid that exploded above the city of Chelyabinsk in Russia in 2013 injured 1,200 people, these middle-sized asteroids would be a serious danger if they enter Earth’s orbit.

C

Whether NASA can find the remaining middle-sized NEOs depends on getting the money to build NEOCam, a 0.5-metre space telescope which would use infrared light to locate asteroids. If it did get the money, it could probably achieve its goal in ten years. Once logged, the planetary defence team would still need to work out how to defend the planet against being hit by the truly worrying asteroids – the PHAs.

D

‘Potentially Hazardous Asteroids’ are rocks close enough to pass within 7.5 million kilometres of Earth’s orbit. NASA has created a map of 1,400 PHAs, none of which are expected to be a threat in the next one hundred years. With technology already available, NASA can track these objects and make predictions about possible impact, at which point two defence solutions could be launched.

E

The first is DART – the Double Asteroid Redirection Test. Plans are scheduled to test DART on the moon of an asteroid called Didymos. ‘Didymoon’ is 150 metres wide, orbiting its 800-metre mother, and hopefully the impact of DART will knock it out of its orbit enough for Earth-based telescopes to pick up.

F

Another suggested defence against a PHA on course to hit Earth is to blow it up using a nuclear weapon. It may sound like a plot from a film, and it was the subject of the 1998

film Armageddon, but the Hypervelocity Asteroid Mitigation Mission for Emergency Response (HAMMER) is a genuine NASA proposal. The eight-ton rockets would be fired at an approaching asteroid with the hope of bumping it off course. If the asteroid was too close to Earth for this plan to work, the rockets would carry nuclear bombs to blow it up instead.

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به زودی…….

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حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

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What would you do if you heard that an asteroid was near Earth?

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Cultural expectations and leadership

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

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Cultural expectations and leadership

Gabriela worked for a multinational company as a successful project manager in Brazil and was transferred to manage a team in Sweden. She was excited about her new role but soon realised that managing her new team would be a challenge.

Despite their friendliness, Gabriela didn’t feel respected as a leader. Her new staff would question her proposals openly in meetings, and when she gave them instructions on how to carry out a task, they would often go about it in their own way without checking with her. When she announced her decisions on the project, they would continue giving their opinions as if it was still up for discussion.

After weeks of frustration, Gabriela emailed her Swedish manager about the issues she was facing with her team. Her manager simply asked her if she felt her team was still performing, and what she thought would help her better collaborate with her team members. Gabriela found her manager vague and didn’t feel as if he was managing the situation satisfactorily.

What Gabriela was experiencing was a cultural clash in expectations. She was used to a more hierarchical framework where the team leader and manager took control and gave specific instructions on how things were to be done. This more directive management style worked well for her and her team in Brazil but did not transfer well to her new team in Sweden, who were more used to a flatter hierarchy where decision making was more democratic. When Gabriela took the issue to her Swedish manager, rather than stepping in with directions about what to do, her manager took on the role of coach and focused on getting her to come up with her own solutions instead.

Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede uses the concept of ‘power distance’ to describe how power is distributed and how hierarchy is perceived in different cultures. In her previous work environment, Gabriela was used to a high power distance culture where power and authority are respected and everyone has their rightful place. In such a culture, leaders make the big decisions and are not often challenged. Her Swedish team, however, were used to working in a low power distance culture where subordinates often work together with their bosses to find solutions and make decisions. Here, leaders act as coaches or mentors who encourage independent thought and expect to be challenged.

When Gabriela became aware of the cultural differences between her and her team, she took the initiative to have an open conversation with them about their feelings about her leadership. Pleased to be asked for their thoughts, Gabriela’s team openly expressed that they were not used to being told what to do. They enjoyed having more room for initiative and creative freedom. When she told her team exactly what she needed them to do, they felt that she didn’t trust them to do their job well. They realised that Gabriela was taking it personally when they tried to challenge or make changes to her decisions, and were able to explain that it was how they’d always worked.

With a better understanding of the underlying reasons behind each other’s behaviour, Gabriela and her team were able to adapt their way of working. Gabriela was then able to make adjustments to her management style so as to better fit the expectations of her team and more effectively motivate her team to achieve their goals.

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به زودی…….

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حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

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What do you think the role of a manager should be?

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Instant messages

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

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Instant messages

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حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

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What do you prefer – sending messages to your friends or phoning them??

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