دسته: وبلاگ

Innovation in business

 

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حالا به فایل صوتی زیر گوش دهید و تمرینات زیر را انجام دهید:

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Transcript

Welcome to today’s Business4U podcast. The focus of this podcast is to think about innovation and why it’s important, and also to look at different types and stages of innovation. By the end of it, you will hopefully have a better grasp of the topic of innovation and be able to better understand and drive innovation in both your working and personal lives.

So, why is innovation important? Well, simply put, without innovation it would be difficult to make progress. Organisations and societies would stagnate. Innovation is what drives us forward. It’s what forces us to compete in the business world. It’s what leads to better products and services, and solutions to new and existing problems. From a business point of view, it’s also something which is necessary for survival.

Four key types of innovation are incremental, disruptive, architectural and radical.

Incremental innovation involves innovating in increments, or small stages. Step by step. It focuses on existing markets and technologies and aims to make improvements and design changes to existing products and services.

Disruptive innovation aims to bring new ideas, like technology or processes, to existing markets. In that sense, the innovations will disrupt the market and the companies currently serving that market. The first touchscreen smartphones disrupted the mobile phone industry because up to then, mobile phones had buttons and keypads.

Architectural innovation involves taking successful ideas from one market or industry and applying them to a new or different market. This often happens when people think of other unconventional uses of existing technology. A good example of this can be seen in vacuum company Dyson’s entry into the hand dryer and hairdryer market. Their advanced airflow technology from their vacuum cleaners was applied in reverse to machines that blow out air. In the case of these examples, it’s personal hairdryers and hand dryers in public toilets.

And finally, we come to radical innovation. This is where a completely new idea is created for a market that doesn’t exist yet. It’s often what we think of when we think of innovation and it often swallows up existing markets. For example, the birth and growth of digital and downloadable music has practically led to the death of music CDs, and even DVDs. Similarly, film and TV streaming services may lead to the demise of traditional TV within a few short years.

Moving on from types of innovation, let’s have a quick look at five key stages of innovation.

The first stage is Idea generation. This is where you think of the initial idea and develop it into a more detailed proposal or plan.

The next stage is Support. You need to check if you can get support for it, for example from senior leaders or stakeholders in your company. If you’re innovating in your personal life, then the support you might need could be from friends or family. Do they think it’s a good idea and do they think it would work?

The third step is to Experiment and test out the idea. This could mean creating a sample or a prototype of it, if it’s a product. Or if it’s a service, you could test out a basic version of it.

The fourth step is Evaluation. You need to assess how successful your experiments were and what chances of larger success your idea will have.

And finally, you then need to actually Implement your idea. That’s the fifth stage.

So, there you have it. We’ve looked at four key types of innovation: incremental, disruptive, architectural and radical, and also five stages of successful innovation: firstly, idea generation. Then, get support. Next, experiment and test out the idea. The fourth stage is evaluation and finally implementation.

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[su_note style=”3″ type=”warning” icon=”yes”]حالا شما برایمان به انگلیسی بگویید:

Can you think of other examples of each of the four types of innovation mentioned?

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Introverts – redressing the balance

 

قبل از گوش کردن به فایل صوتی، تمرین زیر را انجام دهید و لغات آن را یاد بگیرید:

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حالا به فایل صوتی زیر گوش دهید و تمرینات زیر را انجام دهید:

[sc_embed_player_template1 fileurl=”/Englishaudios/Listening/C1/Introverts_–_redressing_the_balance.mp3″ ]

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Transcript

If I asked you to describe a great leader, I’d be willing to bet certain traits come to mind … someone charismatic, dynamic, inspiring, a confident public speaker. You’re probably imagining a man too, but that’s a bias we’ll save for another talk! We tend to think of great leaders as people who naturally take to the stage, who draw other people to them by their sheer presence, who are extroverts. But history has also been transformed by people who don’t fit these descriptions. People like Rosa Parks, Eleanor Roosevelt and Gandhi. These people would have described themselves as shy, quietly spoken … as introverts.

Of course we’re drawn to extroverts. They’re usually charming and persuasive, fun to be around. They’re not quietly in the corner somewhere reading a book where we might not notice them. Introverts are mostly happy to let the extroverts take the attention; they’d rather not be in the spotlight, they’d rather finish that book. If they become leaders, it’s not because they want to be the centre of attention, it’s because they feel compelled to act. They lead not because they enjoy giving orders but because circumstances have put them in a position to make change. If they’re the boss, they allow space for the ideas of others to grow because they’re not trying to make their mark. An introvert sounds like a pretty good boss, right? You won’t need to worry about them stealing your ideas or talking over you in a meeting.

Some of our great creators are introverts too. People like the writer JK Rowling, the great thinker Darwin and the designer of the first Apple computer, Steve Wozniak. It turns out coming up with good ideas is easier when you’re engaged in quiet, solo contemplation than when you’re leading the cheerleading squad. Not that I’m saying there’s anything wrong with cheerleaders! Extroverts are great – some of my favourite people are extroverts. But why is the world so set up for extroverts and so hard for introverts? Why are we always encouraging our kids to speak up, join in, work as a team?

Nowadays, most schools and most workplaces are set up with the extrovert in mind. Children no longer sit in rows in desks, they sit in groups of four or six, doing group projects. Even subjects like maths and creative writing are taught with an emphasis on group collaboration, even though most writers sit alone in front of their computer or typewriter, with nothing between them and the blank page. A kid who prefers to go off into a corner and work alone starts to look like a problem. What’s wrong with Janie? Why isn’t she joining in? Studies show teachers think extroverts make better students, even though introverts actually tend to get higher grades. We’re telling our introverted kids something is wrong with them, that they need to be more sociable, more outgoing. We’re giving them fewer opportunities for the quiet contemplation they need in order to produce the best work and be their best selves.

And then at work we do the same. Most offices today are open plan, everyone working and creating noise in one big room, attending team-building workshops or group brainstorming sessions; the introverts’ worst nightmares. The introverts at school are judged negatively by their teachers and when they reach the workplace, they’re passed over for promotion into leadership positions. But introverts typically take fewer risks and make more careful decisions, and don’t we need those traits too?

I’m not saying let’s get rid of extroverts and grab all those talkative, sociable performers at primary school and send them off to the library for four hours a day of solitude until they learn

to tone it down. I’m not saying that at all. I’m saying we’re doing something like the opposite of that to introverts and we need to stop. We need to allow them space to be themselves and then we’ll end up getting the most out of our extroverts and our introverts. Let’s teach all our kids how to work with others and how to work on their own. Let’s create space in offices and at conferences for people to work on their own when they want to and give them the opportunity to come together to share ideas. Let’s give staff ‘away days’, where they go off into the woods, walk up a mountain or wherever, to work on something alone, as well as the ‘team-building day’ where everyone learns to dance salsa together.

The future is complicated, with a lot of huge, complex problems to solve. Let’s make sure we’ve got our best people working on those problems in the way that suits them best. And then we’ve got to make sure we listen to our extroverts and our introverts and everyone who sits somewhere in between on the scale. We’re going to need all of them.

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[su_note style=”3″ type=”warning” icon=”yes”]حالا شما برایمان به انگلیسی بگویید:

Are you more of an extrovert or an introvert?

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هنگام اجازه خواستن واجازه دادن به زبان انگلیسی ، می توانید از عبارات و اصطلاحات زیر استفاده کنید:

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[su_box style=“default” icon=”plus-circle” title=”با صدای خودتان تمرین کنید:”]بهترین راه برای تمرین زبان این است که صدای خودتان را ضبط کنید و گوش کنید. دقت کنید که صدای شما جایی ذخیره نمیشود. اگر مایل به نگه داری صدای ضبط شده هستید آن را دانلود کنید.
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اگر مرورگر صدای شما را ضبط نمیکند حتما این راهنما را بخوانید: [button url=”/راهنمای-فعال-کردن-میکروفن” target=”blank” background=”#2bb9ff” color=”#ffffff” size=”5″ center=”yes” icon=”icon: microphone-slash”]راهنما[/button] [/su_box]

Introverts – redressing the balance

 

قبل از گوش کردن به فایل صوتی، تمرین زیر را انجام دهید و لغات آن را یاد بگیرید:

[su_box style=”glass-light” title=”تمرین های آمادگی”]

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حالا به فایل صوتی زیر گوش دهید و تمرینات زیر را انجام دهید:

[sc_embed_player_template1 fileurl=”/Englishaudios/Listening/C1/Introverts_–_redressing_the_balance.mp3″]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین شماره ۱”]

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[su_box style=”glass-gold” title=”متن فایل صوتی”]

Transcript

If I asked you to describe a great leader, I’d be willing to bet certain traits come to mind … someone charismatic, dynamic, inspiring, a confident public speaker. You’re probably imagining a man too, but that’s a bias we’ll save for another talk! We tend to think of great leaders as people who naturally take to the stage, who draw other people to them by their sheer presence, who are extroverts. But history has also been transformed by people who don’t fit these descriptions. People like Rosa Parks, Eleanor Roosevelt and Gandhi. These people would have described themselves as shy, quietly spoken … as introverts.

Of course we’re drawn to extroverts. They’re usually charming and persuasive, fun to be around. They’re not quietly in the corner somewhere reading a book where we might not notice them. Introverts are mostly happy to let the extroverts take the attention; they’d rather not be in the spotlight, they’d rather finish that book. If they become leaders, it’s not because they want to be the centre of attention, it’s because they feel compelled to act. They lead not because they enjoy giving orders but because circumstances have put them in a position to make change. If they’re the boss, they allow space for the ideas of others to grow because they’re not trying to make their mark. An introvert sounds like a pretty good boss, right? You won’t need to worry about them stealing your ideas or talking over you in a meeting.

Some of our great creators are introverts too. People like the writer JK Rowling, the great thinker Darwin and the designer of the first Apple computer, Steve Wozniak. It turns out coming up with good ideas is easier when you’re engaged in quiet, solo contemplation than when you’re leading the cheerleading squad. Not that I’m saying there’s anything wrong with cheerleaders! Extroverts are great – some of my favourite people are extroverts. But why is the world so set up for extroverts and so hard for introverts? Why are we always encouraging our kids to speak up, join in, work as a team?

Nowadays, most schools and most workplaces are set up with the extrovert in mind. Children no longer sit in rows in desks, they sit in groups of four or six, doing group projects. Even subjects like maths and creative writing are taught with an emphasis on group collaboration, even though most writers sit alone in front of their computer or typewriter, with nothing between them and the blank page. A kid who prefers to go off into a corner and work alone starts to look like a problem. What’s wrong with Janie? Why isn’t she joining in? Studies show teachers think extroverts make better students, even though introverts actually tend to get higher grades. We’re telling our introverted kids something is wrong with them, that they need to be more sociable, more outgoing. We’re giving them fewer opportunities for the quiet contemplation they need in order to produce the best work and be their best selves.

And then at work we do the same. Most offices today are open plan, everyone working and creating noise in one big room, attending team-building workshops or group brainstorming sessions; the introverts’ worst nightmares. The introverts at school are judged negatively by their teachers and when they reach the workplace, they’re passed over for promotion into leadership positions. But introverts typically take fewer risks and make more careful decisions, and don’t we need those traits too?

I’m not saying let’s get rid of extroverts and grab all those talkative, sociable performers at primary school and send them off to the library for four hours a day of solitude until they learn

to tone it down. I’m not saying that at all. I’m saying we’re doing something like the opposite of that to introverts and we need to stop. We need to allow them space to be themselves and then we’ll end up getting the most out of our extroverts and our introverts. Let’s teach all our kids how to work with others and how to work on their own. Let’s create space in offices and at conferences for people to work on their own when they want to and give them the opportunity to come together to share ideas. Let’s give staff ‘away days’, where they go off into the woods, walk up a mountain or wherever, to work on something alone, as well as the ‘team-building day’ where everyone learns to dance salsa together.

The future is complicated, with a lot of huge, complex problems to solve. Let’s make sure we’ve got our best people working on those problems in the way that suits them best. And then we’ve got to make sure we listen to our extroverts and our introverts and everyone who sits somewhere in between on the scale. We’re going to need all of them.

[/su_box]

[su_note style=”3″ type=”warning” icon=”yes”]حالا شما برایمان به انگلیسی بگویید:

Are you more of an extrovert or an introvert?

[/su_note]

هنگامی که شما نیاز به قول دادن به زبان انگلیسی دارید ، می توانید از این عبارات و اصطلاحات رایج استفاده کنید:

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[su_box style=“default” icon=”plus-circle” title=”با صدای خودتان تمرین کنید:”]بهترین راه برای تمرین زبان این است که صدای خودتان را ضبط کنید و گوش کنید. دقت کنید که صدای شما جایی ذخیره نمیشود. اگر مایل به نگه داری صدای ضبط شده هستید آن را دانلود کنید.
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اگر مرورگر صدای شما را ضبط نمیکند حتما این راهنما را بخوانید: [button url=”/راهنمای-فعال-کردن-میکروفن” target=”blank” background=”#2bb9ff” color=”#ffffff” size=”5″ center=”yes” icon=”icon: microphone-slash”]راهنما[/button] [/su_box]

Tech addiction

 

قبل از گوش کردن به فایل صوتی، تمرین زیر را انجام دهید و لغات آن را یاد بگیرید:

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حالا به فایل صوتی زیر گوش دهید و تمرینات زیر را انجام دهید:

[sc_embed_player_template1 fileurl=”/Englishaudios/Listening/C1/Tech_addiction.mp3″]

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Transcript

Presenter: The sound of kids hanging out together. Or, at least, how it sounded a few years ago. Nowadays a group of, well, just about anyone – kids, teens, tweens, their parents – might sound a lot more like this …

Most of us spend hours a day with our heads bent over our smartphones. Research suggests teenagers spend as many as nine hours a day, while pre-teens spend up to six.

Teen voice: I don’t know, it’s, like, the first thing I do in the morning, check in and see who’s posted anything overnight. It’s my alarm clock so I kind of have to look at it and then, you know, it’s pretty hard not to scroll through.

Presenter: And it’s not just teenagers and millennials, Generation X and even the Baby Boomers are almost as bad.

Adult voice: I’m online most of the day for work and you’d think I’d be sick of screens by the time I get home, but most of my news comes through Facebook and I’m really into food so I’ll hold my hands up to being one of those people who posts photos of their meals.

Presenter: But are we addicted to our phones and apps? And does it matter? Former Google and Facebook employees certainly think so. So they’ve set up a non-profit organisation, the Center for Humane Technology, to reverse the digital attention crisis and promote safe technology for children.

Expert: Anyone who’s seen queues round the block for the latest iPhone has to wonder what these people are thinking. You’ve literally got people sleeping in the street to get the newest device, probably not even talking to anyone else in the queue because they’re on social media, taking selfies in the queue to post to Instagram. If that’s not addiction, it’s certainly obsession.

Presenter: A more formal definition of addiction describes it as a repeated involvement with an activity, despite the harm it causes. Someone with an addiction has cravings – that feeling that you haven’t checked your phone for two minutes and can’t relax until you get your hands on it again. They may have a lack of self-control and not realise their behaviour is causing problems – like texting while cycling or falling off a cliff taking a selfie. And, in case you’re wondering, I read about both of those via the news app on my phone, which updates every couple of minutes with the latest stories … definitely addicted. So the ‘Truth about Tech’ campaign by Common Sense Media and the Center for Humane Technology couldn’t come fast enough for most of us. But it’s children who are probably most at risk because of the effect tech addiction might be having on their brain development. Professor Mary Michaels of the Atlanta Future Tech Institute has been working with very young children. Mary, thanks for dropping by. What is your research telling us?

Mary: Well, we know that screen time is affecting key aspects of healthy child development, like sleep, healthy eating and what psychologists call ‘serve and return’ moments, which are when parents respond to babies seeking assurance and connection by making eye contact, smiling or talking. All perfectly normal things we do and which help lay the foundations of babies’ brains. It’s much harder to engage with a baby normally if you’re looking at your phone. Or, even worse, if parents give a crying child a phone to distract them instead of

talking to them or hugging them, and that might lead to them failing to develop their ability to regulate their own emotions.

Presenter: And what about older children?

Mary: Again, we know that teenagers who spend a lot of time on social media are 56 per cent more likely to report being unhappy and 27 per cent more likely to suffer depression. Teenagers are especially vulnerable because they’re more sensitive to highs and lows anyway, so we’re looking at, potentially, higher instances of suicide, schizophrenia, anxiety and addiction in teens which is exacerbated by dependence on technology.

Presenter: It sounds like a vicious circle. They’re more likely to get addicted to smartphones and social media and that addiction itself makes them candidates for other addictions.

Mary: Yes, that’s right.

Presenter: Time to stage an intervention! Is there anything we can do to make tech less addictive?

Mary: Setting devices to greyscale, which is basically black and white, might make them less appealing. Scrolling through a newsfeed of boring, washed -out photos just doesn’t create the same rush as bright colours perhaps. And you can turn off the notifications that are constantly pulling you back in to check your phone.

Presenter: So is it …

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[su_note style=”3″ type=”warning” icon=”yes”]حالا شما برایمان به انگلیسی بگویید:

Are you addicted to social media or smartphones?

[/su_note]

وقتی اشتباه می کنید و می خواهید آن را بپذیرید میتوانید از عبارات رایج ای که در زیر وجود دارد استفاده کنید:

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[su_box style=“default” icon=”plus-circle” title=”با صدای خودتان تمرین کنید:”]بهترین راه برای تمرین زبان این است که صدای خودتان را ضبط کنید و گوش کنید. دقت کنید که صدای شما جایی ذخیره نمیشود. اگر مایل به نگه داری صدای ضبط شده هستید آن را دانلود کنید.
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اگر مرورگر صدای شما را ضبط نمیکند حتما این راهنما را بخوانید: [button url=”/راهنمای-فعال-کردن-میکروفن” target=”blank” background=”#2bb9ff” color=”#ffffff” size=”5″ center=”yes” icon=”icon: microphone-slash”]راهنما[/button] [/su_box]

The helix

 قبل از گوش کردن به فایل صوتی، تمرین زیر را انجام دهید و لغات آن را یاد بگیرید:

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حالا به فایل صوتی زیر گوش دهید و تمرینات زیر را انجام دهید:

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Transcript

I’d like to turn now to the object which is the main point of this talk: the helix. This is a fascinating mathematical object which touches many parts of our lives. Movement, the natural world, the manufactured world and our genetic make-up are all connected to the shape of the helix.

A helix is a type of three-dimensional curve that goes around a central cylindrical shape in the form of a spiral, like a corkscrew or a spiral staircase. The helix is a very popular shape in nature because it is very compact. In fact, helices are sometimes referred to as ‘nature’s space saver’. In architecture too, the helix shape of a spiral staircase is an attractive option in buildings where space is very restricted.

The most renowned type of helix is probably the double helix of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is made of two helices that curve around each other, a bit like a twisted ladder. DNA contains the genetic information or ‘code’ that determines the development and functioning of all known living things. The helix shape is a very efficient way to store a long molecule like DNA in the limited space of a cell.

There are different types of helices. Helices can twist clockwise, right-handed, or anti-clockwise, left-handed. An interesting experiment is to hold a clockwise helix, such as a corkscrew, up to a mirror. The clockwise helix appears to become counterclockwise.

We can perceive examples of helices in many areas of our world. Spiral staircases, cables, screws and ropes can be right-handed or left-handed helices. A helix that goes around a cone is called a conical helix. Examples of conical helices are screws or the famous spiral ramp designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright in the Guggenheim Museum in New York.

Helices are also prevalent in the natural world. The horns of certain animals, viruses, seashells and the structure of plants, flowers and leaves can all contain helices. The human umbilical cord is in fact a triple helix.

With the discovery that the helix is the shape of the DNA molecule, it is not surprising that the helix is found in so many areas. It’s one of the most natural shapes in nature.

Let’s turn our attention now to the mathematical description of the helix. You’ll need a pen and paper for the next part of the talk as I am going to give you some variables to write down. Take your time to notice the different …

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[su_note style=”3″ type=”warning” icon=”yes”]حالا شما برایمان به انگلیسی بگویید:

Do you ever watch scientific lectures or talks like this online?

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روشهای زیادی برای صحبت در مورد ترجیحات شما در انگلیسی وجود دارد. برای بیان ترجیحات خود می توانید از عبارات رایج زیر استفاده کنید:

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[su_box style=“default” icon=”plus-circle” title=”با صدای خودتان تمرین کنید:”]بهترین راه برای تمرین زبان این است که صدای خودتان را ضبط کنید و گوش کنید. دقت کنید که صدای شما جایی ذخیره نمیشود. اگر مایل به نگه داری صدای ضبط شده هستید آن را دانلود کنید.
[h5p id=”271″]
اگر مرورگر صدای شما را ضبط نمیکند حتما این راهنما را بخوانید: [button url=”/راهنمای-فعال-کردن-میکروفن” target=”blank” background=”#2bb9ff” color=”#ffffff” size=”5″ center=”yes” icon=”icon: microphone-slash”]راهنما[/button] [/su_box]

ما اغلب از بعضی از کلمات و اصطلاحات مانند ، زیرا چون ، به دلیل ، به لطف ، به همین دلیل ، بنابراین استفاده می کنیم تا در مورد علت و معلول صحبت کنیم.

[su_box style=”modern-violet” title=”اصطلاحات پرکاربرد برای بیان دلیل”]

[/su_box]

[su_box style=“default” icon=”plus-circle” title=”با صدای خودتان تمرین کنید:”]بهترین راه برای تمرین زبان این است که صدای خودتان را ضبط کنید و گوش کنید. دقت کنید که صدای شما جایی ذخیره نمیشود. اگر مایل به نگه داری صدای ضبط شده هستید آن را دانلود کنید.
[h5p id=”271″]
اگر مرورگر صدای شما را ضبط نمیکند حتما این راهنما را بخوانید: [button url=”/راهنمای-فعال-کردن-میکروفن” target=”blank” background=”#2bb9ff” color=”#ffffff” size=”5″ center=”yes” icon=”icon: microphone-slash”]راهنما[/button] [/su_box]