نویسنده: تیم کلس تاپ

How to spot fake news

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

How to spot fake news

Every time you’re online, you are bombarded by pictures, articles, links and videos trying to tell their story. Unfortunately, not all of these stories are true. Sometimes they want you to click on another story or advertisement at their own site, other times they want to upset people for political reasons. These days it’s so easy to share information. These stories circulate quickly, and the result is … fake news.

There is a range of fake news: from crazy stories which people easily recognise to more subtle types of misinformation. Experts in media studies and online psychology have been examining the fake news phenomenon. Read these tips, and don’t get fooled!

1. Check the source

Look at the website where the story comes from. Does it look real? Is the text well written? Are there a variety of other stories or is it just one story? Fake news websites often use addresses that sound like real newspapers, but don’t have many real stories about other

topics. If you aren’t sure, click on the ‘About’ page and look for a clear description of the organisation.

2. Watch out for fake photos

Many fake news stories use images that are Photoshopped or taken from an unrelated site. Sometimes, if you just look closely at an image, you can see if it has been changed. Or use a tool like Google Reverse Image search. It will show you if the same image has been used in other contexts.

3. Check the story is in other places

Look to see if the story you are reading is on other news sites that you know and trust. If you do find it on many other sites, then it probably isn’t fake (although there are some exceptions), as many big news organisations try to check their sources before they publish a story.

4. Look for other signs

There are other techniques that fake news uses. These include using ALL CAPS and lots of ads that pop up when you click on a link. Also, think about how the story makes you feel. If the news story makes you angry, it’s probably designed to make you angry.

If you know these things about online news, and can apply them in your everyday life, then you have the control over what to read, what to believe and most importantly what to share. If you find a news story that you know is fake, the most important advice is: don’t share it!

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

Have you ever read a fake news story online? Are you worried about this problem?

[/su_note]

Robot teachers

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

Robot teachers

If you think of the jobs robots could never do, you would probably put doctors and teachers at the top of the list. It’s easy to imagine robot cleaners and factory workers, but some jobs need human connection and creativity. But are we underestimating what robots can do? In some cases, they already perform better than doctors at diagnosing illness. Also, some patients might feel more comfortable sharing personal information with a machine than a person. Could there be a place for robots in education after all?

British education expert Anthony Seldon thinks so. And he even has a date for the robot takeover of the classroom: 2027. He predicts robots will do the main job of transferring information and teachers will be like assistants. Intelligent robots will read students’ faces, movements and maybe even brain signals. Then they will adapt the information to each student. It’s not a popular opinion and it’s unlikely robots will ever have empathy and the ability to really connect with humans like another human can.

One thing is certain, though. A robot teacher is better than no teacher at all. In some parts of the world, there aren’t enough teachers and 9–16 per cent of children under the age of 14 don’t go to school. That problem could be partly solved by robots because they can teach anywhere and won’t get stressed, or tired, or move somewhere for an easier, higher-paid job.

Those negative aspects of teaching are something everyone agrees on. Teachers all over the world are leaving because it is a difficult job and they feel overworked. Perhaps the question is not ‘Will robots replace teachers?’ but ‘How can robots help teachers?’ Office workers can use software to do things like organise and answer emails, arrange meetings and update calendars. Teachers waste a lot of time doing non-teaching work, including more than 11 hours a week marking homework. If robots could cut the time teachers spend marking homework and writing reports, teachers would have more time and energy for the parts of the job humans do best.

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

Would you like to have a robot as a teacher?

[/su_note]

Social media influencers

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

Social media influencers

It is estimated that about 40 per cent of the world’s population use social media, and many of these billions of social media users look up to influencers to help them decide what to buy and what trends to follow.

So what is an influencer and how do we become one?

An influencer is a person who can influence the decisions of their followers because of their relationship with their audience and their knowledge and expertise in a particular area, e.g. fashion, travel or technology.

Influencers often have a large following of people who pay close attention to their views. They have the power to persuade people to buy things, and influencers are now seen by many companies as a direct way to customers’ hearts. Brands are now asking powerful influencers to market their products. With some influencers charging up to $25,000 for one social media post, it is no surprise that more and more people are keen to become influencers too. If you are one of them, then here are five tips on how to do it.

1. Choose your niche

What is the area that you know most about? What do you feel most excited talking about? Find the specific area that you’re most interested in and develop it.

2. Choose your medium and write an interesting bio

Most influencers these days are bloggers and micro -bloggers. Decide which medium – such as your own online blog, Instagram or Snapchat – is the best way to connect with your followers and chat about your niche area. When you have done that, write an attention-grabbing bio that describes you and your speciality area in an interesting and unique way. Make sure that people who read your bio will want to follow you.

3. Post regularly and consistently

Many influencers post daily on their social media accounts. The more you post, the more likely people will follow you. Also, ensure that your posts are consistent and possibly follow a theme.

4. Tell an interesting story

Whether it is a photo or a comment that you are posting, use it to tell a story that will catch the attention of your followers and help them connect with you.

5. Make sure people can easily find your content

Publicise your posts on a variety of social media, use hashtags and catchy titles and make sure that they can be easily found. There is no point writing the most exciting blogposts or posting the most attractive photographs if no one is going to see them.

Most importantly, if you want to become a social media influencer, you need to have patience. Keep posting and your following will gradually increase. Good luck!

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

Do you know of any social media influencers? What are their niche areas?

[/su_note]

The legend of fairies

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

The legend of fairies

• Fairies today are the stuff of children’s stories, little magical people with wings, often shining with light. Typically pretty and female, like Tinkerbell in Peter Pan, they usually use their magic to do small things and are mostly friendly to humans.

• We owe many of our modern ideas about fairies to Shakespeare and stories from the 18th and 19th centuries. Although we can see the origins of fairies as far back as the Ancient Greeks, we can see similar creatures in many cultures. The earliest fairy-like creatures can be found in the Greek idea that trees and rivers had spirits called dryads and nymphs. Some people think these creatures were originally the gods of earlier, pagan religions that worshipped nature. They were replaced by the Greek and Roman gods, and then later by the Christian God, and became smaller, less powerful figures as they lost importance.

• Another explanation suggests the origin of fairies is a memory of real people, not spirits. So, for example, when tribes with metal weapons invaded land where people only used stone weapons, some of the people escaped and hid in forests and caves. Further support for this idea is that fairies were thought to be afraid of iron and could not touch it. Living outside of society, the hiding people probably stole food and attacked villages. This might explain why fairies were often described as playing tricks on humans. Hundreds of years ago, people

actually believed that fairies stole new babies and replaced them with a ‘changeling’ – a fairy baby – or that they took new mothers and made them feed fairy babies with their milk.

• While most people no longer believe in fairies, only a hundred years ago some people

were very willing to think they might exist. In 1917, 16-year-old Elsie Wright took two photos of her cousin, nine-year-old Frances Griffiths, sitting with fairies. Some photography experts thought they were fake, while others weren’t sure. But Arthur Conan Doyle, the writer of the Sherlock Holmes detective stories, believed they were real. He published the original pictures, and three more the girls took for him, in a magazine called The Strand, in 1920. The girls only admitted the photos were fake years later in 1983, created using pictures of dancers that Elsie copied from a book.

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

What stories of little magical people are there in your culture? What are they like?

[/su_note]

The Martian: a book review

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

The Martian: a book review

The Martian tells the story of Mark Watney, an astronaut on the Ares 3 mission to Mars. After a terrible storm almost destroys the ship and the base, the crew of his ship believe he is dead. 1) ………………… . Alone on the red planet, he has to survive until the next mission to Mars arrives.

While this novel is fiction, in some ways it feels like non-fiction. It is very scientific and packed with details about survival on Mars. Watney is a botanist and engineer, and he begins to grow food and produce water in his artificial camp. How does he do this? 2) ………………… .

The author is Andy Weir, and this is his first published book. In it he has created a realistic character. There is a lot of humour in the story, and the reader can identify with the emotions (although no one can really imagine what it’s like to be on Mars). Watney admits at the beginning that he is in deep trouble, but he never gives up. 3) ………………… . Instead, what The Martian gives us is a realistic look at an intelligent person alone on a planet and trying to survive.

The majority of the plot takes place on Mars and is written in the form of Watney’s journal entries. 4) ………………… . Unfortunately, the other characters in the book (his fellow crew members, the scientists at NASA on Earth) do not get much development and so they often feel one-dimensional. I should also mention that the book is thrilling to read. You will be on the edge of your seat until the very end. 5) ………………… . It’s good not only for space travel fans and scientists but for anyone who is looking for a unique and exciting story. The Martian was so popular that it was made into a film starring Matt Damon in 2015, but I recommend reading the book first.

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

What book would you recommend?

[/su_note]

A Plastic Ocean: a film review

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

A Plastic Ocean: a film review

A Plastic Ocean is a film to make you think. Think, and then act. We need to take action on our dependence on plastic. We’ve been producing plastic in huge quantities since the 1940s. Drink bottles, shopping bags, toiletries and even clothes are made with plastic. 1) ………………… . What happens to all the rest? This is the question the film A Plastic Ocean answers. It is a documentary that looks at the impact that plastic waste has on the environment. box alert: the impact is devastating.

The film begins as a journey to film the largest animal on the planet, the blue whale. But during the journey the filmmakers (journalist Craig Leeson and environmental activist Tanya Streeter) make the shocking discovery of a huge, thick layer of plastic floating in the middle of the Indian Ocean. 2) ………………… . In total, they visited 20 locations around the world during the four years it took them to make the film. The documentary premiered in 2016, and is now on streaming services such as Netflix.

It’s very clear that a lot of research went into the film. There are beautiful shots of the seas and marine life. 3) ………………… . We see how marine species are being killed by all the plastic we are dumping in the ocean. The message about our use of plastic is painfully obvious. 4) ………………… . In the second half, the filmmakers look at what we can do to reverse the tide of plastic flowing around the world. They present short-term and long-term solutions. These include avoiding plastic containers and ‘single-use’ plastic products as much as possible. Reuse your plastic bags and recycle as much as you can. The filmmakers also stress the need for governments to work more on recycling programmes, and look at how technology is developing that can convert plastic into fuel.

We make a staggering amount of plastic. In terms of plastic bags alone, we use five hundred billion worldwide annually. Over 300 million tons of plastic are produced every year, and at least 8 million of those are dumped into the oceans. 5) ………………… . Once you’ve seen A Plastic Ocean, you’ll realise the time is now and we all have a role to play.

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

What documentary films would you recommend?

[/su_note]

A short story extract

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

A short story extract

Sam squinted against the sun at the distant dust trail raked up by the car on its way up to the Big House. The horses kicked and flicked their tails at flies, not caring about their owner’s first visit in ten months. Sam waited. Mr Carter didn’t come out here unless he had to, which was just fine by Sam. The more he kept out of his boss’s way, the longer he’d have a job.

Carter came by later while Sam was chopping wood. Carter lifted his hat as if he were waiting for an appointment with the town priest, and then removed it completely as if he were talking to his mother. He pulled out a pile of paper from his back pocket and held it out.

‘Don’t pick up your mail often, do you?’

Sam took it without a glance and dropped the envelopes onto the bench.

‘Never,’ he replied and waited for Carter to say why he was here. The fact it was Carter’s house was no explanation and they both knew it. Carter twisted his hat round and round, licking his lips and clearing his throat.

‘Nice work fixing those fences,’ he said finally.

‘I’ll be back to the beginning soon,’ Sam said. It wasn’t a complaint. A fence that took a year to repair meant another year’s work to the man who did it well.

‘Don’t you ever want to take a holiday?’

‘And go where?’ A holiday meant being back out in the real world, a place even people like Carter travelled to escape from. Sam’s escape was his reality and he wasn’t going back.

Mr Carter wiped the sweat from the back of his neck. The damp patches on his shirt drew together like shapes in an atlas. His skin was already turning ruddy in the June sun. Otherwise he had the indoor tan of a man that made money while other people did the work.

‘I’ve brought my son with me on this trip. He’s had some trouble at school.’ Mr Carter’s eyes flicked up, blinked rapidly and then shifted back to the hat occupying his hands. ‘Not much trouble out here for a young boy.’ He attempted a laugh but it came out like a dog’s bark.

The two men looked towards the northern end of the property. It stretched as far as the eye could see. Even the fences were barely visible from where they stood. However bored and rebellious a teenage boy might get, it wasn’t possible to escape on foot. Sam looked at the biggest of the horses, kicking at the ground with its heavy hooves. Could the boy ride? he wondered. There was a whole load of trouble a good rider could get into out here, miles away from anyone. But maybe there was even more trouble for someone who knew nothing about horses and wanted to get away from his father.

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

Why do you think Mr Carter has brought his son to the farm?

[/su_note]

Asteroids

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

Asteroids

A

In 2010, the planetary defence team at NASA had identified and logged 90 per cent of the asteroids near Earth measuring 1km wide. These ‘near-Earth objects’, or NEOs, are the size of mountains and include anything within 50 million kilometres of Earth’s orbit. With an estimated 50 left to log, NASA says none of the 887 it knows about are a significant danger to the planet.

B

Now NASA is working towards logging some of the smaller asteroids, those measuring 140 metres wide or more. Of the 25,000 estimated asteroids of this size, so far about 8,000 have been logged, leaving 17,000 unaccounted for. Considering that a 19-metre asteroid that exploded above the city of Chelyabinsk in Russia in 2013 injured 1,200 people, these middle-sized asteroids would be a serious danger if they enter Earth’s orbit.

C

Whether NASA can find the remaining middle-sized NEOs depends on getting the money to build NEOCam, a 0.5-metre space telescope which would use infrared light to locate asteroids. If it did get the money, it could probably achieve its goal in ten years. Once logged, the planetary defence team would still need to work out how to defend the planet against being hit by the truly worrying asteroids – the PHAs.

D

‘Potentially Hazardous Asteroids’ are rocks close enough to pass within 7.5 million kilometres of Earth’s orbit. NASA has created a map of 1,400 PHAs, none of which are expected to be a threat in the next one hundred years. With technology already available, NASA can track these objects and make predictions about possible impact, at which point two defence solutions could be launched.

E

The first is DART – the Double Asteroid Redirection Test. Plans are scheduled to test DART on the moon of an asteroid called Didymos. ‘Didymoon’ is 150 metres wide, orbiting its 800-metre mother, and hopefully the impact of DART will knock it out of its orbit enough for Earth-based telescopes to pick up.

F

Another suggested defence against a PHA on course to hit Earth is to blow it up using a nuclear weapon. It may sound like a plot from a film, and it was the subject of the 1998

film Armageddon, but the Hypervelocity Asteroid Mitigation Mission for Emergency Response (HAMMER) is a genuine NASA proposal. The eight-ton rockets would be fired at an approaching asteroid with the hope of bumping it off course. If the asteroid was too close to Earth for this plan to work, the rockets would carry nuclear bombs to blow it up instead.

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

What would you do if you heard that an asteroid was near Earth?

[/su_note]

Cultural expectations and leadership

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

Cultural expectations and leadership

Gabriela worked for a multinational company as a successful project manager in Brazil and was transferred to manage a team in Sweden. She was excited about her new role but soon realised that managing her new team would be a challenge.

Despite their friendliness, Gabriela didn’t feel respected as a leader. Her new staff would question her proposals openly in meetings, and when she gave them instructions on how to carry out a task, they would often go about it in their own way without checking with her. When she announced her decisions on the project, they would continue giving their opinions as if it was still up for discussion.

After weeks of frustration, Gabriela emailed her Swedish manager about the issues she was facing with her team. Her manager simply asked her if she felt her team was still performing, and what she thought would help her better collaborate with her team members. Gabriela found her manager vague and didn’t feel as if he was managing the situation satisfactorily.

What Gabriela was experiencing was a cultural clash in expectations. She was used to a more hierarchical framework where the team leader and manager took control and gave specific instructions on how things were to be done. This more directive management style worked well for her and her team in Brazil but did not transfer well to her new team in Sweden, who were more used to a flatter hierarchy where decision making was more democratic. When Gabriela took the issue to her Swedish manager, rather than stepping in with directions about what to do, her manager took on the role of coach and focused on getting her to come up with her own solutions instead.

Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede uses the concept of ‘power distance’ to describe how power is distributed and how hierarchy is perceived in different cultures. In her previous work environment, Gabriela was used to a high power distance culture where power and authority are respected and everyone has their rightful place. In such a culture, leaders make the big decisions and are not often challenged. Her Swedish team, however, were used to working in a low power distance culture where subordinates often work together with their bosses to find solutions and make decisions. Here, leaders act as coaches or mentors who encourage independent thought and expect to be challenged.

When Gabriela became aware of the cultural differences between her and her team, she took the initiative to have an open conversation with them about their feelings about her leadership. Pleased to be asked for their thoughts, Gabriela’s team openly expressed that they were not used to being told what to do. They enjoyed having more room for initiative and creative freedom. When she told her team exactly what she needed them to do, they felt that she didn’t trust them to do their job well. They realised that Gabriela was taking it personally when they tried to challenge or make changes to her decisions, and were able to explain that it was how they’d always worked.

With a better understanding of the underlying reasons behind each other’s behaviour, Gabriela and her team were able to adapt their way of working. Gabriela was then able to make adjustments to her management style so as to better fit the expectations of her team and more effectively motivate her team to achieve their goals.

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

What do you think the role of a manager should be?

[/su_note]

Instant messages

متن زیر را بخوانید و آن را برای خود معنی کنید. سپس با ترجمه سایت مقایسه کنید و سعی کنید اشکالات خود را بیابید. و در نهایت آزمونهای مربوط به متن را پاسخ دهید و میزان درک مطلب خود را بسنجید.

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”متن زیر را بخوانید:” open=”yes”]

Instant messages

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”modern-orange” title=”ترجمه متن”]

به زودی…….

[/su_box]

[su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین اول”]

[/su_box] [su_box style=”glass-green” title=”تمرین دوم”]

[/su_box]

حالا شما برایمان بگویید:

[su_note style=”3″ type=”success” icon=”yes”]

What do you prefer – sending messages to your friends or phoning them??

[/su_note]